Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity comprises three major branches: Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy (which parted ways with Catholicism in 1054 A.D.) and Protestantism (which came into existence during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th is the largest religion in Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, with 54,765,265 (67.07%) adherents as of the end of 2006.^[5] The second largest religion is Islam Islam (Arabic: الإسلام‎ al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] [note 1]) is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of their one, incomparable God (Arabic: الله‎, Allāh), and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad's teachings and normative example (in Arabic called with 3.3 million adherents (4%)^[5] followed by Buddhism Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by adherents as an and Judaism Judaism is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people. Judaism, originating in the Hebrew Bible and explored in later texts such as the Talmud, is considered by Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God developed with the Children of Israel. According to traditional Rabbinic Judaism, God revealed. During the last few decades, the two largest churches in Germany (the Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany Evangelical Church in Germany is a federation of 22 regional Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant church bodies. The EKD is not a church in a theological understanding because of the denominational differences. However, the member churches (Gliedkirchen) share full pulpit and altar fellowship. The EKD has a membership of 24.832 million (EKD) and the Roman Catholic Church The German Catholic Church, part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, is under the leadership of the Pope, curia in Rome, and the Conference of the German Bishops. The current president of the conference is Robert Zollitsch, the archbishop to Freiburg, the country's second largest diocese with 2.07 million Catholics. The German church, thanks), have lost significant number of adherents, both are down to roughly 30% (by the end of 2008).^[6][7] With 30.7 % as per the end of 2008, the Catholic Church is still close to its pre-World War II 1939 percentage of 33%.^[8]

The most notable losses occurred in the Protestant churches, in East Germany largely owing to the atheistic policy under the communistic regime. However since the fall of the communistic regime two decades ago, the EKD continued losing members, to just below 30% by the end of 2008.^[7][9]. Other churches in Germany are all rather small (equal or less than 0.5%).^[5] As a result of re-unification (of East and West Germany), the number of Germans without a religion has grown, especially owing to the addition of the eastern states with their large non-religious majority.^{[citation needed]} Due to losses of both the Protestant churches and the Catholic church in Hamburg, this state has also joined the group of Bundesländer with a non-religious majority.^{[10][not in citation given]}

Religious communities

Christianity

Despite recent losses in adherents, Christianity Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity comprises three major branches: Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy (which parted ways with Catholicism in 1054 A.D.) and Protestantism (which came into existence during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th is still by far the largest religion in Germany,^[5] with the Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany Evangelical Church in Germany is a federation of 22 regional Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant church bodies. The EKD is not a church in a theological understanding because of the denominational differences. However, the member churches (Gliedkirchen) share full pulpit and altar fellowship. The EKD has a membership of 24.832 million (EKD) comprising 29.9% ^[9] as of 31 December 2008 (down 0.3% compared to the 30.2%^[11] in the year before) of the population and Roman Catholicism The German Catholic Church, part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, is under the leadership of the Pope, curia in Rome, and the Conference of the German Bishops. The current president of the conference is Robert Zollitsch, the archbishop to Freiburg, the country's second largest diocese with 2.07 million Catholics. The German church, thanks comprising 30.7% as of Dec. 2008^[12] (also down 0.3% compared to the year before).^[13] Consequently a majority of the German people belong to a Christian community although many of them take no active part in church life with Sunday church attendance considerably less than 10 percent of which 4.1% Catholics (in 2008)^[14] and 1.2% Protestants (in 2007) belonging to the EKD.^[15] 1.7% of the population are Orthodox Christians.^[5]

Independent and congregational churches exist in all larger towns and many smaller ones, but most such churches are small. One of these is the confessional Lutheran Church called Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Germany.

Until the Reformation The Protestant Reformation was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It began in 1517 when Martin Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars of the 16th Century, Roman Catholicism was the sole established Church in Germany.

Islam

As of 2006, according to the U.S. Department of State, approximately 3.2 million Muslims (mostly of Turkish descent) live in Germany. This figure includes the different denominations of Islam, such as Sunni Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘ah or Ahl as-Sunnah (Arabic: أهل السنة‎) for short. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Orthodox Islam. The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah (Arabic: سنة‎), which refers to the words and actions or example of the Islamic, Shia Shia Islam , is the second largest denomination of Islam, after Sunni Islam. The followers of Shia Islam are called Shi'as but the terms Shiites or Shi'ites are common Anglicisations. "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shī‘atu ‘Alī (شيعة علي), meaning "the followers of Ali" or "the faction of Ali&, Ahmadiyya Ahmadiyya is an Islamic religious movement founded towards the end of the 19th century and originating with the life and teachings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908). Ghulam Ahmad was an important religious figure who claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies about the world reformer of the end times, who was to herald the Eschaton as predicted in and Alevites The Alevi are a religious, sub-ethnic and cultural community, primarily in Turkey, numbering in the tens of millions. Alevis are classified as a branch of Shi'a Islam; however there are significant differences in Alevi beliefs, traditions and rituals when compared to other orthodox sects. Alevi worship takes place in assembly houses (cemevi). Lately there have been heated discussions about the question of whether or not Muslim women in public service, such as schoolteachers, should be allowed to wear headscarves Headscarves are scarves covering most or all of the top of a woman's hair and her head. Headscarves may be worn for a variety of purposes, such as for warmth, for sanitation, for fashion or social distinction; with religious signifiance, to hide baldness, out of modesty, or other forms of social convention to work.

Judaism

Today Germany, especially its capital Berlin, has the fastest growing Jewish community worldwide. About ninety thousand Jews from the former Eastern Bloc, mostly from ex-Soviet Union countries, settled in Germany since the fall of the Berlin wall. This is mainly due to a German government policy which basically grants an immigration ticket to anyone from the CIS and the Baltic states with Jewish heritage, and the fact that today's Germans are seen as significantly more accepting of Jews than many people in the ex-Soviet realm. Some of the about 60,000 long-time resident German Jews have expressed some mixed feelings about this immigration that they perceive as making them a minority not only in their own country but also in their own community. Prior to Nazism, about 600,000 Jews lived in Germany, with familiar background going back to Roman times or even earlier. Many Jews The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation. Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos from Russia Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈraʦəjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal and other former communist Communism is a social structure that aims for egalitarianism through the abolition of the class system and common ownership of property by the community or by the state. It is also the term for the left wing political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create such a society countries in Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state, adhere to Reform Judaism Reform Judaism refers to various beliefs, practices and organizations associated with the Reform Jewish movement in North America, the United Kingdom and elsewhere. In general, it maintains that Judaism and Jewish traditions should be modernized and should be compatible with participation in the surrounding culture. Many branches of Reform Judaism.

Cults, sects and new religious movements

As in most other countries the churches are actively involved in disseminating information and warnings about sects The word sect comes from the Latin noun secta , meaning "(beaten) path", and figuratively a (prescribed) way, mode, or manner, and hence metonymously a discipline or school of thought as defined by a set of methods and doctrines. The present gamut of meanings of sect has been influenced by confusion with the homonymous (but and cults The word cult pejoratively refers to a group whose beliefs or practices are reasonably considered strange. The word originally denoted a system of ritual practices. The narrower, derogatory sense of the word is a product of the 20th century, especially since the 1980s, and is considered subjective, and is a result of the anti-cult movement, which (in colloquial language the German word Sekte is used in both senses) and new religious movements A new religious movement is a faith-based community, or ethical, spiritual, or philosophical group of recent origin. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may be part of a wider religion, such as Christianity, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Scholars studying the sociology of religion have almost unanimously. In public opinion, minor religious groups are often referred to as Sekten, which can both refer to destructive cults A destructive cult is a religion or other group which has caused or has a high probability of causing harm to its own members or to others. Some researchers define "harm" in this case with a narrow focus, specifically groups which have deliberately physically injured or killed other individuals, while others define the term more broadly but also to all religious movements which are not Christian or different from the Roman Catholicism and the mainstream Protestantism. However, major world religions The world's principal religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups, although this is by no means a uniform practice. This theory began in the 18th century with the goal of recognizing the relative levels of civility in non-European societies. However, it quickly transformed into a subset of the like mainstream Orthodox Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam are not referred to as Sekten.

When classifying religious groups, the Roman Catholic Church and the mainline Protestant Protestantism is one of the four major divisions within Christianity together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Roman Catholic Church. The term is most closely tied to those groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation Evangelical Church in Germany Evangelical Church in Germany is a federation of 22 regional Lutheran, Reformed and United Protestant church bodies. The EKD is not a church in a theological understanding because of the denominational differences. However, the member churches (Gliedkirchen) share full pulpit and altar fellowship. The EKD has a membership of 24.832 million (EKD) use a three-level hierarchy of "churches", "free churches" and Sekten:

1. Kirchen (churches) is the term generally applied to the Roman Catholic Church, the EKD's member churches (Landeskirchen In Germany and Switzerland, a Landeskirche is the church of a region. They originated as the national churches of the independent states, States of Germany (Länder) or Cantons of Switzerland (Kantone, Cantons), that later unified to form modern Germany (in 1871) or modern Switzerland (in 1848), respectively), and the Orthodox Churches. The churches are not only granted the status of a non-profit organisation A nonprofit organization is an organization that does not distribute its surplus funds to owners or shareholders, but instead uses them to help pursue its goals . Examples of NPOs include charities (i.e. charitable organizations) , trade unions, and public arts organizations. Most governments and government agencies meet this definition, but in, but they have additional rights as a statutory corporations (German German (Deutsch, [ˈdɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Globally, German is spoken by approximately 120 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native speakers: Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts), which means they have the right to employ civil servants (Beamter The German word Beamter means civil servant, and is pronounced [bəˈʔamtɐ], with a glottal stop between the 'e' and the 'a'. This English translation may be ambiguous, as German law puts public employees into two classes, namely ordinary employees (Angestellte) and Beamte, making a distinction that does not exist in most other national bodies), do official duties or issue official documents.
2. Freikirchen (free churches The term, free church refers to a Christian denomination that is intrinsically separated from government . The term is especially relevant in countries with established state churches) is the term generally applied to Protestant organisations outside of the EKD, e.g. Baptists Baptists are a group of Christian denominations, churches, and individuals who subscribe to a theology of believer's baptism , salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local church. They generally practice baptism by immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling) and disavow, Methodists Methodism is a movement of Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations, claiming a total of approximately seventy million adherents worldwide. The movement traces its roots to John Wesley's evangelistic revival movement in the Anglican Church. His younger brother Charles was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody, independent Lutherans, Pentecostals Pentecostalism is a renewal movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism in the Holy Spirit. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, a Greek term describing the Jewish Feast of Weeks. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the, Seventh-day Adventists The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Christian denomination which is distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ. It is the twelfth-largest religious body in the world. The denomination grew out of the Millerite. However, the Old Catholics can be referred to as a free church as well.^{[citation needed]} The free churches are not only granted the tax-free status of a non-profit organisation, but many of them have additional rights as a statutory corporations.
3. Sekten is the term for religious groups which do not see themselves as part of a major religion (but maybe as the only real believers of a major religion).^{[citation needed]} Examples of groups called Sekten are Scientology Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by writer L. Ron Hubbard , starting in 1952, as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. Hubbard characterized Scientology as a religion and in 1953 incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden, New Jersey and Hare Krishna The Hare Krishna mantra, also referred to reverentially as the Maha Mantra , is a sixteen-word Vaishnava mantra which first appeared in the Kali-Santarana Upanishad, and which from the 15th century rose to importance in the Bhakti movement following the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.^{[citation needed]} Although these religious groups have full religious freedom and protection against discrimination of their members, their organisations in most cases are not granted the tax-free status of a non-profit organisation.

Every Protestant Landeskirche (church whose canonical jurisdiction extends over one or several states, or Länder) and Catholic episcopacy has a Sektenbeauftragter (Sekten delegate) from whom information about religious movements may be obtained.

Secularism

Before World War II, about two-thirds of the German population was Protestant and one-third was Roman Catholic. In the north and northeast of Germany especially, Protestants dominated. In the former West Germany West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) in the period between its formation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the between 1945 and 1990, which contained nearly all of Germany's historically Catholic areas, Catholics have had a small majority since the 1980s. Protestant areas were much more affected by secularism than predominantly Catholic areas. The predominantly secularised states, such as Hamburg Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany (second to Berlin) and the seventh-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighboring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. The port of Hamburg or the East German states, used to be Lutheran or United Protestant strongholds.

There is a non-religious majority in Hamburg Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany (second to Berlin) and the seventh-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighboring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. The port of Hamburg, Berlin Berlin (English pronunciation: /bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ) is the capital city and one of 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern, Brandenburg Brandenburg ( listen ; Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but, Saxony The Free State of Saxony is a state of Germany, located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area (18,413 km²) and the sixth largest in population (4.3 million), of Germany's sixteen states, Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt is a state of Germany. It has an area of 20,447 square kilometres (7,895 sq mi) and a population of 2.4 million (more than 2.8 million in 1990). Its capital is Magdeburg, Thuringia The Free State of Thuringia is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometers (6,243.7 sq mi) and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. The capital is Erfurt and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Mecklenburg-Vorpommern [ˈmeːklənbʊɐ̯k ˈfɔʁpɔmɐn] is a federal state in northern Germany. The capital city is Schwerin. The state was formed through the merger of the historic regions of Mecklenburg and Vorpommern after World War II, dissolved in 1952 and recreated prior to the German reunification in 1990. In the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt is a state of Germany. It has an area of 20,447 square kilometres (7,895 sq mi) and a population of 2.4 million (more than 2.8 million in 1990). Its capital is Magdeburg only 19.7 percent belong to the two big denominations of the country.^[16] This is the state where Martin Luther was born.

In eastern Germany both religious observance and affiliation are much lower than in the rest of the country after forty years of Communist rule, despite the fact that the Communistic rule ended more than 20 years ago. The government of the German Democratic Republic encouraged an atheist worldview through institutions such as Jugendweihen (youth consecrations), secular coming-of-age ceremonies akin to Christian confirmation which all young people were strongly encouraged to attend (and disadvantaged socially if they did not). The average church attendance is now one of the lowest in the world, with only 5% attending at least once per week, compared to 14% in the rest of the country according to a recent study.^{[citation needed]} The number of christenings, religious weddings and funerals is also lower than in the West.

Religious freedom in Germany

The German constitution guarantees freedom of faith and religion. It also states that no one may be discriminated against due to their faith or religious opinions. Church and state are separate, but there is cooperation in many fields, most importantly in the social sector. Religious communities that are of considerable size and stability and are loyal to the constitution can be recognised as "statutory corporations". This gives them certain privileges, for example being able to give religious instruction in state schools (as enshrined in the German constitution, though some states are exempt from this) and having membership fees collected (for a fee) by the German revenue department as Church tax. It is a surcharge amounting to between 8 or 9% of the income tax. The status mainly applies to the Roman Catholic Church, the mainline Protestant EKD, and Jewish communities. There have been numerous discussions of allowing other religious groups like Jehovah's Witnesses and Muslims into this system as well. The Muslim efforts were hampered by the Muslims' own disorganised state in Germany, with many small rivalling organisations and no central leadership, which does not fit well into a legal frame that was originally created with well-organized, large Christian churches in mind.

List of religious groups and figures

The following is based on estimates conducted in 2006 by the Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e. V. (REMID) and other sources.

Christianity

• Christians 53.5 million (approxately 65%)^[17]

Protestantism

• Evangelical Church in Germany 25.101 million (30.5%) as of 31 December 2006^[18]
• New Apostolic Church 400,000^[17]
• Aussiedler-Baptisten 300,000-380,000^[17]
• Free Evangelical / Charismatic 232,000^[19]
• Baptists (mostly Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in Deutschland KdöR) 86,500^[17]
• Methodists 65,638^[19]
• Christliche Versammlungen / Freier Brüderkreis / Plymouth Brethren 45,000^[7]
• Bund Freikirchlicher Pfingstgemeinden (Pentecostal) 40,000
• Evangelical Methodist Church (Evangelisch-methodistische Kirche), part of the worldwide United Methodist Church 38,000
• Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church 36,000^[20]
• Mennonites 39,414^[7]
• Seventh-day Adventist Church 36,000
• Apostelamt Jesu Christi 20,000^[9]
• Bund Evangelisch-reformierter Kirchen Deutschlands (Reformed) 13,000
• Christengemeinden Elim (Pentecostal) 10,000
• Danish Church in Southern Schleswig 6,500
• Apostolische Gemeinschaft 6,000
• Gemeinde der Christen - Ecclesia 4,000^[20]
• Johannische Church (Johannische Kirche) 3,500
• Church of the Nazarene 1,984^[19]
• Gemeinde Christi (Churches of Christ) 1,400

Total: 26,449,926 (32.31%)^[5]

Catholicism

• Roman Catholics 25,176,000 (30.7%)^[21]
• Old Catholics 25,000
• Maronite Rite Catholics 6,000^[5]

Total: 25,467,000

Orthodoxy

• Orthodox Church of Constantinople 450,000^[17]
• Romanian Orthodox Church 300,000^[17]
• Serbian Orthodox Church 250,000^[5][17]
• Russian Orthodox Church 150,000^[5]
• Bulgarian Orthodox Church 66,000^[5]
• Syriac Orthodox Church 55,000^[5]
• Armenian Apostolic Church 35,000^[19]
• Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 13,000^[19]
• Greek Orthodox Church 13,000
• Assyrian Church 10,000^[19]
• Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 3,600^[20]
• Coptic Orthodox Church 3,000^[19]
• Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate 1,000

Total: 1.4 million (1.7%)

Others

• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 37,159^[22]
• Jehovah's Witnesses 166,000^[17]

Total: 203,159

Islam

• Sunni 2.5 M^[17]
• Alevite 410,000^[9][17]
• Shi'a 225,000^[17]
• Ahmadiyya 50,000^[23]
• Ismaili 12,000
• Sufi 10,000

Total: 3.3 million (4%), of which 1 million (1.1%) has German citizenship.

Judaism

• Union of Progressive Jews in Germany 3,000 members
• Central Council of Jews in Germany Most Jewish communities

Total: 200,000 (0.25%)^[17]

Others

• Buddhists 245,000 (0.30%) (see Buddhism in Germany)
• Hindu 97,500^[17] (see Hinduism in Germany)
• Sikh 50,000 (see Sikhism in Germany)
• Bahá'í Faith 5000-6000^[24],

with one of only seven Houses of Worship in the world, see Bahá'í Faith in Germany

• Yazidi

No religion

• No religion specified (25-33%)^{[17][clarification needed]}

Polls

Existence of a supernatural entity

According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005,^[25]

• 47% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God".
• 25% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force".
• 25% answered that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".
• 3% answered "don't know".

See also

• Buddhism in Germany
• Evangelical Church in Germany
• History of Germany
• History of the Jews in Germany
• Islam in Germany
• Lutheranism
• Martin Luther
• Max Weber
• Protestant Reformation
• Religion by country
• Roman Catholicism in Germany
• Status of religious freedom in Germany
• United and uniting churches
• List of churches in Hamburg

References

1. ^ Bevölkerung und Kirchenzugehörigkeit nach Bundesländern Table 1.1 shows 63.4 % of the German population to be Christians of which 2.2% outside the Evangelische Landeskirchen (EKD) and the Roman Catholic Church. Table 1.3 shows overview by German state of membership of the Evangelische Landeskirchen (EKD)and the Roman Catholic Church
2. ^ FOWID shows that of the German population 34%is not-religious
3. ^ 80% of population in Sachsen-Anhalt is without religion
4. ^ religion by Bundesland showing non religious being the majority in Eastern Germany
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Religionen in Deutschland - Mitglieder und Anhänger .::. REMID
6. ^ Bevölkerung und Katholiken, 1965–2008. The percentage of Catholics in West Germany alone, starting in 1965 (43.8%) until 2008 (30.7%), under a united Germany, including the eastern states, reflects this difference.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} FOWID religious adherence of the German population 1950–2008 (including the divided, post-war Germany, then reunited Germany of 1989), document in German issued March 2009
8. ^ Hermann Krose, editor, Kirchliches Handbuch fur das Katholische Deutschland (Freiburg: Herder, 1908-1940)
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Table 1.3 EKD and DBK members by state in 2008 (1.3 Bevölkerung und Kirchenzugehörigkeit nach Bundesländern), document in German retrieved 13 February 2010
10. ^ EKD Kirchenmitgliederzahlen (church members as of) 31.12.2007 document in German issued in November 2008 - shows also the number of Roman Catholics and Protestants by Bundesland
11. ^ EKD church members as of 31 Dec. 2007
12. ^ German Catholic Church 2008 statistics
13. ^ German Catholic Church 2007 statistics
14. ^ key figures of the German Catholic church for the year 2008 - document in German
15. ^ key figures of the EKD for the year 2007, issued in March 2009.
16. ^ http://www.ekd.de/download/kimi_2004.pdf
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Germany
18. ^ EKD: Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland - EKD - Statistik
19. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Adherents.com: By Location
20. ^ ^{a b c} Adherents.com: By Location
21. ^ [1]
22. ^ LDS Newsroom (Germany)
23. ^ http://www.integration-in-deutschland.de/nn_285170/SubSites/Integration/EN/02__Zuwanderer/ThemenUndPerspektiven/Islam/Deutschland/deutschland-node.html?__nnn=true
24. ^ "Verschiedene Gemeinschaften / neuere religiöse Bewegungen". Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen (Membership of religions in Germany). REMID - the "Religious Studies Media and Information Service" in Germany. 2007-8. http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
25. ^ ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF

External links

• Eurel: sociological and legal data on religions in Europe
• Germany - Catholic Encyclopedia
• Germany - Sacred Destinations
• Statistic by REMID about Adherence to Religious Communities in Germany
• Germans Reconsider Religion
• Religion in Germany (Deutschland): Mitgliederzahlen
• History of Pentecostal Churches in Germany
• KOKID - Kommission der Orthodoxen Kirche in Deutschland (Commission of the Orthodox Church in Germany)

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